{"id":1538,"date":"2026-01-13T16:04:57","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T08:04:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/?page_id=1538"},"modified":"2026-01-13T18:04:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T10:04:44","slug":"a-brief-discussion-on-reliability-design","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/index.php\/en\/a-brief-discussion-on-reliability-design\/","title":{"rendered":"A Brief Discussion on Reliability Design"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1538\" class=\"elementor elementor-1538\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa4d5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1aa4d5b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d36a3f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d36a3f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ca270d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ca270d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e3071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2e3071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Brief Discussion on Reliability Design<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0dee53 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d0dee53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10ba997 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"10ba997\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af8e1fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af8e1fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The traditional automotive industry has developed in Europe and America for over a century, establishing a complete set of product technical standards and management standards.&nbsp;<\/p><p><strong>The<\/strong> <b data-path-to-node=\"4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"181\">TS16949<\/b> <strong>quality management system<\/strong> represents the automotive industry&#8217;s comprehensive management requirements for the entire supply chain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ec338 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c1ec338\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdbaf9e elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bdbaf9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"383\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1540\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP.webp 383w, https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/OIP-300x183.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 383px) 100vw, 383px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b36ad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"48b36ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d56ac1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d56ac1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a39b9 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"90a39b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad9436d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad9436d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span data-path-to-node=\"4,2\"><span class=\"citation-389\">Specifically regarding management details, the two most difficult aspects of <strong>TS16949<\/strong> are: <\/span><\/span><\/h3><p><strong><span class=\"citation-389\">(1) <\/span><span class=\"citation-389\">Consistency<\/span><span class=\"citation-389\">, and (2) <\/span><span class=\"citation-389\">Reliability<\/span><span class=\"citation-389\">. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-086bec3 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"086bec3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e527d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e527d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">TS16949 <\/b>specific requirements for quality<b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"> consistency <\/b>are as follows:<\/p><ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"6\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\">For quality parameters affecting <b data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"33\">assembly<\/b>, <b data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"43\">Cpk<\/b> (Process Capability Index) must be <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\ge 1.33\" data-index-in-node=\"82\">1.33<\/span>.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\">For quality parameters affecting <b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"33\">function or performance indicators<\/b>, <b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"69\">Cpk<\/b> must be <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\ge 1.67\" data-index-in-node=\"81\">1.67<\/span>.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,2,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"6,2,0,1\"><span class=\"citation-388\">For quality parameters affecting <\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"6,2,0,1\" data-index-in-node=\"33\"><span class=\"citation-388\">safety<\/span><\/b><span class=\"citation-388\">, <\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"6,2,0,1\" data-index-in-node=\"41\"><span class=\"citation-388\">Cpk<\/span><\/b><span class=\"citation-388\"> must be <\/span><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\ge 2.0\" data-index-in-node=\"53\">2.0<\/span><span class=\"citation-388\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a21f9 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d2a21f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8401a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e8401a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-path-to-node=\"7,0\">Regarding <strong>reliability<\/strong>, the most important content in TS16949 is undoubtedly <b data-path-to-node=\"7,0\" data-index-in-node=\"76\">FMEA<\/b> (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis). <\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"7,2\"><span class=\"citation-387\"><strong>FMEA<\/strong> is essentially a Q&amp;A process: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ff7a8 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"90ff7a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8916bb7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8916bb7\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0abf18b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0abf18b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><strong>Q: What function is this design intended to achieve? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><span class=\"citation-386\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-386\"> &#8230; <\/span><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><strong>Q: If a problem occurs in a specific link of this design, will the function be degraded or lost? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><span class=\"citation-385\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-385\"> &#8230; <\/span><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\"><strong>Q: If a problem occurs in a specific link of this design, will negative effects occur? How severe are these effects? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\"><span class=\"citation-384\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-384\"> &#8230;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77c01ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77c01ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31a4a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31a4a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\"><strong>Q: Will the function degrade or disappear, or will negative effects occur when this design operates long-term, at high frequency, or under extreme operating environments? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\"><span class=\"citation-383\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-383\"> &#8230; <\/span><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,4,0\"><strong>Q: Is there a way to prevent problems in the aforementioned links? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,4,0\"><span class=\"citation-382\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-382\"> &#8230; <\/span><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,5,0\"><strong>Q: If prevention is impossible, can the problem be detected before it occurs? How? <\/strong><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8,5,0\"><span class=\"citation-381\">A:<\/span><span class=\"citation-381\"> &#8230; <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afa78ff e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"afa78ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b3bf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9b3bf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Therefore, the &#8220;links&#8221; and &#8220;problems&#8221; are critical. We divide the design into two stages: product design and manufacturing process design, leading to <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"150\">DFMEA<\/b> (Design FMEA) and <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"174\">PFMEA<\/b> (Process FMEA). The <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"200\">APQP<\/b> standard provides relevant explanations on which specific links need consideration.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e8ca e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a88e8ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30e1b0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30e1b0f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dd31e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46dd31e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"10,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">For DFMEA:<\/b><\/p><p>It involves the structural tree and functional analysis, followed by interfaces between structures (physical connection\/material exchange\/energy transfer\/data exchange\/human-machine interaction, etc.), and noise factors affecting functions (component variation, time effects, unreasonable customer usage, external environment, system interactions, etc.).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5b9faf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e5b9faf\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d260f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d260f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"10,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\"><span class=\"citation-380\">For PFMEA:<\/span><\/b><\/p><p><span class=\"citation-380\">It involves the process flow chart, process functions, and analysis of process steps and elements (such as <\/span><b data-path-to-node=\"10,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"118\"><span class=\"citation-380\">4M<\/span><\/b><span class=\"citation-380\">\u2014Man, Machine, Material, Method).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca47238 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ca47238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227b75c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"227b75c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-768x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1516\" alt=\"Attentive participants clapping in a business conference setting.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xunanzhineng.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pexels-photo-7648044-7648044-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1893ca9 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1893ca9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2746b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f2746b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are many <strong>DFMEA<\/strong> examples in the design of the <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">Three-Electric Systems<\/b> (Battery, Motor, Electronic Control) for New Energy Vehicles (NEVs), which we will not list here but can discuss separately later. If you encounter reliability issues in products or processes, the author can analyze them with you and solve them 100%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b674900 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b674900\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e2d002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e2d002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here we clarify a question:&nbsp;<\/p><p><b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"28\">Is there a relationship between Consistency and Reliability?<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b05ba0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5b05ba0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-406746c elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"406746c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Of course!<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df171cf e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"df171cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be499e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be499e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Example:<\/b> The range of an NEV is a concern for everyone. Design engineers must not only maximize the range but also ensure the range indicator decays stably and slowly. However, in reality, it is difficult to achieve consistent <b data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"227\">internal resistance (DC-IR)<\/b> in lithium batteries, especially after multiple charge-discharge cycles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071f1c7 e-flex e-con-boxed elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"071f1c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6203b82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6203b82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,0\">Before leaving the factory, we can screen and group lithium batteries with consistent capacity and internal resistance into a <b data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"126\">PACK<\/b>. However, these seemingly highly consistent batteries will show significant divergence in internal resistance after 1-2 years. This is particularly true for <b data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"288\">LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)<\/b> batteries, which have poorer internal resistance consistency. This leads to accelerated decay of the total capacity of the entire PACK, causing the vehicle&#8217;s range to decay significantly. <\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,2\"><span class=\"citation-379\">This is equivalent to the degradation of the &#8220;range function,&#8221; representing a classic example of consistency affecting reliability.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c68da1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8c68da1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad12abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ad12abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Brief Discussion o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1538","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - 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